Four 1.5 V batteries are connected in series in the same direction. Calculate total voltage.

Solution & explanation

1. Given: Four batteries; each emf = 1.5 V.

2. Series-aiding emfs add; assume negligible internal voltage drop.

3. Write the sum.

   $$V=1.5+1.5+1.5+1.5$$

4. Group into two pairs.

   $$V=3+3$$

5. State the result with units: Total emf = 6 V.

V = 6 V