What makes reasoning valid? Give an example.
استدلال معقول کب ہوتا ہے؟ مثال دیں۔
The reasons must logically support the claim. Example: a reliable bus service can reduce separate car journeys, so improving it may reduce traffic emissions. The conclusion is conditional, not proof that every bus service is cleaner.
Textbook: pp. 88–90. Independently prepared study answer; not an official marking key.